Serum inflammatory profiles in pulmonary tuberculosis and their association with treatment response

The aim of this study was to evaluate serum cytokines and natural antimicrobial peptide profiles in pulmonary tuberculosis, and compare them with levels in controls without tuberculosis, to explore the associations between these biomarkers and response to antituberculosis treatment. Serum levels of 10 biomarkers were measured using a Luminex bead array platform. Tuberculosis biosignatures were identified from the discovery cohort (n = 148) and were validated in the independent cohort (n = 148). Association between biosignatures and clinical outcome was investigated with negative conversion in follow-up sputum culture after 2 months of treatment. Serum concentrations of eotaxin, MIP-1α, sIL-2Rα, and lipocalin 2 were significantly different between pulmonary tuberculosis patients and controls (P < 0.05). Serum concentrations of eotaxin and sIL-2Rα were higher in pulmonary tuberculosis patients than in controls, while those of MIP-1α and lipocalin 2 were lower (P < 0.05). Eotaxin concentrations were significantly higher in good responders to treatment (P < 0.05), indicating this immunomolecule may serve as a positive predictor for therapy response in pulmonary tuberculosis. The magnitude serum eotaxin, MIP-1α, sIL-2Rα, and lipocalin 2 are important indicators for pulmonary tuberculosis. These biomarkers alone or combinatorial detections have potential applicability in monitoring tuberculosis patients during antituberculosis treatment. Significance Cytokines and endogenous antimicrobial peptides represent an important part of immune system and the identification of a pattern of differentially expressed those biomarkers (a “biosignature”) could help to differentiate tuberculosis infection from the non-infected state which might eventually assist case identification and accelerate access to treatment. In this direction, cytokine analysis including multiple serum biomarkers to evaluate biosignatures of pulmonary tuberculosis would provide basic knowledge to aid understanding of the pathophysiology of tuberculosis infection and for the development of future diagnostic methods, treatments, and monitoring for pulmonary tuberculosis.