Risk of uterine cervical cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and aims: There are limited data on the association between uterine cervical cancer (UCC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the risk of UCC in patients with IBD. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, gray literature and conference proceedings for studies published before 21 January 2022. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data and assessed quality using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Subgroup analyses were based on IBD type, biologic era, immunosuppression status, study location and design, and publication status. Fifteen studies were included. Results: The pooled relative risk (RR) of UCC in IBD was 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–1.69; I ² = 53.4%). In subgroup analyses, the pooled RRs of UCC in CD and UC were 1.18 (95% CI, 0.97–1.42) and 1.50 (95% CI, 1.01–12.21), respectively. The pooled RRs of UCC in pre-biologic and biologic eras were 1.36 (95% CI, 0.83–2.23) and 1.99 (95% CI, 1.03–3.86), respectively. The pooled RR of UCC in immunomodulator users was 2.18 (95% CI, 0.81–5.87). The pooled RRs of UCC in Asia, Europe and North America were 5.65 (95% CI, 2.65–12.07), 1.13 (95% CI, 0.96–1.34) and 1.38 (95% CI, 1.10–1.73), respectively. Conclusions: The risk of UCC was significantly increased in IBD, particularly in UC but not in CD, suggesting that women with IBD should undergo regular UCC screening and consider vaccination.