Oxidation of iron by giant impact and its implication on the formation of reduced atmosphere in the early Earth

Giant impact–driven redox processes in the atmosphere and magma ocean played crucial roles in the evolution of Earth. However, because of the absence of rock records from that time, understanding these processes has proven challenging. Here, we present experimental results that simulate the giant impact–driven reactions between iron and volatiles (H₂O and CO₂) using x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) as fast heat pump and structural probe. Under XFEL pump, iron is oxidized to wüstite (FeO), while volatiles are reduced to H₂ and CO. Furthermore, iron oxidation proceeds into formation of hydrides (γ-FeH_x) and siderite (FeCO₃), implying redox boundary near 300-km depth. Through quantitative analysis on reaction products, we estimate the volatile and FeO budgets in bulk silicate Earth, supporting the Theia hypothesis. Our findings shed light on the fast and short-lived process that led to reduced atmosphere, required for the emergence of prebiotic organic molecules in the early Earth.