In-situ physical and chemical remediation of Cd and Pb contaminated mine soils cultivated with Chinese cabbage: A three-year field study

Soils pollution with heavy metals (HMs) is a serious concern due to their toxic effects on crop yield, crop quality, soil environment, and human health. In the current study, four stabilizers of calcium carbonate (CC), dolomite (DL), zeolite (ZL), and steel slag (SS) were applied to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)-contaminated soils as in-situ chemical remediation techniques along with in-situ physical remediation techniques i.e. soil covering (SC) and soil dilution (SD) under real field conditions. For three years, Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) was grown on the amended fields to examine how the amendments impacted Cd and Pb uptake in plants. The stabilization efficiency of SS, CC, and SC were 75.7 %, 66.0 %, and 71.1 %, respectively, for Cd, and 55.6 %, 55.6 %, and 70.0 %, respectively, for Pb. Results indicated that stabilizer soil amendments significantly decreased the exchangeable (F1) and carbonates bound (F2) fractions of both Cd and Pb. For instance, F1 fraction of Cd decreased from 10.2 (control) to 1.8–2.9 % (with stabilizers). The stabilizers increased Chinese cabbage dry weight by 11.4–22.5 % and decreased Cd and Pb uptake by 67.4 % and 24 %, respectively. The results demonstrated that in-situ chemical remediation technique showed promising results and maintained its efficiency for more than 130 weeks. Current study indicated that chemical remediation of Cd and Pb contaminated soil is more effective and last longer than physical remediation.