High Permittivity CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ Particle-Induced Internal Polarization Amplification for High Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators

Here, a composite material based on the butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF) and high permittivity CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ (CCTO) particles as a triboelectric dielectric material for stable high output triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is proposed. CCTO particles, which have the high permittivity of 7500, can potentially result in the formation of strong internal polarization into the dielectric material under the electric field from triboelectric charges. As a consequence, the charge induction on the bottom electrode is enhanced thereby increasing the triboelectric output performance. A rotation-type freestanding mode TENG based on BMF–CCTO 1 wt% composite material demonstrates high performance power output of a root-mean-square voltage and current density with 268 V and 25.8 mA m⁻², respectively. The strategy of incorporating the high permittivity CCTO particles can be universally applied to any triboelectric polymer matrix in order to enhance the output performance of TENGs.