Detecting inclusions in electrical impedance tomography without reference measurements

We develop a new variant of the factorization method that can be used to detect inclusions in electrical impedance tomography from either absolute current-to-volt age measurements at a single, nonzero frequency or from frequency-difference measurements. This eliminates the need for numerically simulated reference measurements at an inclusion-free body and thus greatly improves the method's robustness against forward modeling errors, e.g., in the assumed body's shape.