Application of hiPSCs in tooth regeneration via cellular modulation

Background: Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based technology provides limitless resources for customized development of organs without any ethical concerns. In theory, iPSCs generated from terminally differentiated cells can be induced to further differentiate into all types of organs that are derived from the embryonic germ layers. Since iPSC reprogramming technology is relatively new, extensive efforts by the researchers have been put together to optimize the protocols to establish in vitro differentiation of human iPSCs (hiPSCs) into various desirable cell types/organs. Highlights: In the present study, we review the potential application of iPSCs as an efficient alternative to primary cells for modulating signal molecules. Furthermore, an efficient culture system that promotes the differentiation of cell lineages and tissue formation has been reviewed. We also summarize the recent studies wherein tissue engineering of the three germ layers has been explored. Particularly, we focus on the current research strategies for iPSC-based tooth regeneration via molecular modulation. Conclusion: In recent decades, robust knowledge regarding the hiPSC-based regenerative therapy has been accumulated, especially focusing on cellular modulation. This review provides the optimization of the procedures designed to regenerate specific organs.