Antiviral efficacy of orally delivered neoagarohexaose, a nonconventional TLR4 agonist, against norovirus infection in mice

Minwoo Kim; Ji Eun Lee; Hee Cho; Hae Gwang Jung; Wooseong Lee; Han Young Seo; Soung Hoon Lee; Dae Gyun Ahn; Seong Jun Kim; Je Wook Yu; Jong Won Oh

doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120391

Antiviral efficacy of orally delivered neoagarohexaose, a nonconventional TLR4 agonist, against norovirus infection in mice

Minwoo Kim, Ji Eun Lee, Hee Cho, Hae Gwang Jung, Wooseong Lee, Han Young Seo, Soung Hoon Lee, Dae Gyun Ahn, Seong Jun Kim, Je Wook Yu, Jong Won Oh

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

11 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The neoagarohexaose (NA6) is an oligosaccharide that is derived from agarose, the major component of red algae cell walls, by enzymatic hydrolysis. Here we show that NA6 is a noncanonical Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist with antiviral activity against norovirus. Its TLR4 activation was dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), leading to interferon-β (IFN-β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production. This effect was abolished by TLR4 knockdown or knockout in murine macrophages. NA6 inhibited murine norovirus (MNV) replication with an EC₅₀ of 1.5 μM in RAW264.7 cells. It also lowered viral RNA titer in a human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7-derived cell line harboring a human norovirus subgenomic replicon. The antiviral activity of NA6 was mainly attributed to IFN-β produced through the TLR4-TRIF signaling pathway. NA6-induced TNF-α, which had little effect on norovirus replication per se, primed macrophages to mount greater antiviral innate immune responses when IFN signaling was activated. NA6 boosted the induction of IFN-β in MNV-infected RAW264.7 cells and upregulated IFN-regulatory factor-1, an IFN-stimulated gene. NA6 induced IFN-β expression in the distal ileum with Peyer's patches and oral administration of NA6 reduced MNV loads through activation of TLR4 signaling, highlighting its potential contribution to protective antiviral innate immunity against norovirus.

Original language	English
Article number	120391
Journal	Biomaterials
Volume	263
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120391
Publication status	Published - 2020 Dec

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We thank Dr. Herbert W. Virgin (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Dr. Kyeong-Ok Chang (Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA) for providing the MNV1.CW1 strain and the HG23 cell line, respectively. We also thank Dr. Sung Jae Shin (Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea) for helpful discussions. This work was supported by a grant from the Korea Technology and Information Promotion Agency ( TIPA ) ( S2666230 ) and in part by the Yonsei University “TechStars” grant ( 2018-11-1586 ), the National Research Foundation of Korea ( NRF ) grant ( NRF 2020M3E9A1041759 ) funded by the Korea Government ( MSIT ), and the Brain Korea 21 (BK21) PLUS program . M.K. was partially supported by the Graduate School of Yonsei University Research Scholarship Grants in 2019. H.C. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the BK21 PLUS program.

Funding Information:
We thank Dr. Herbert W. Virgin (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Dr. Kyeong-Ok Chang (Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA) for providing the MNV1.CW1 strain and the HG23 cell line, respectively. We also thank Dr. Sung Jae Shin (Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea) for helpful discussions. This work was supported by a grant from the Korea Technology and Information Promotion Agency (TIPA) (S2666230) and in part by the Yonsei University ?TechStars? grant (2018-11-1586), the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant (NRF 2020M3E9A1041759) funded by the Korea Government (MSIT), and the Brain Korea 21 (BK21) PLUS program. M.K. was partially supported by the Graduate School of Yonsei University Research Scholarship Grants in 2019. H.C. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the BK21 PLUS program.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2020

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Biophysics
Bioengineering
Ceramics and Composites
Biomaterials
Mechanics of Materials

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10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120391

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@article{3040fb255e01436fa3ff4d310e6c859a,

title = "Antiviral efficacy of orally delivered neoagarohexaose, a nonconventional TLR4 agonist, against norovirus infection in mice",

abstract = "The neoagarohexaose (NA6) is an oligosaccharide that is derived from agarose, the major component of red algae cell walls, by enzymatic hydrolysis. Here we show that NA6 is a noncanonical Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist with antiviral activity against norovirus. Its TLR4 activation was dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), leading to interferon-β (IFN-β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production. This effect was abolished by TLR4 knockdown or knockout in murine macrophages. NA6 inhibited murine norovirus (MNV) replication with an EC50 of 1.5 μM in RAW264.7 cells. It also lowered viral RNA titer in a human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7-derived cell line harboring a human norovirus subgenomic replicon. The antiviral activity of NA6 was mainly attributed to IFN-β produced through the TLR4-TRIF signaling pathway. NA6-induced TNF-α, which had little effect on norovirus replication per se, primed macrophages to mount greater antiviral innate immune responses when IFN signaling was activated. NA6 boosted the induction of IFN-β in MNV-infected RAW264.7 cells and upregulated IFN-regulatory factor-1, an IFN-stimulated gene. NA6 induced IFN-β expression in the distal ileum with Peyer's patches and oral administration of NA6 reduced MNV loads through activation of TLR4 signaling, highlighting its potential contribution to protective antiviral innate immunity against norovirus.",

author = "Minwoo Kim and Lee, {Ji Eun} and Hee Cho and Jung, {Hae Gwang} and Wooseong Lee and Seo, {Han Young} and Lee, {Soung Hoon} and Ahn, {Dae Gyun} and Kim, {Seong Jun} and Yu, {Je Wook} and Oh, {Jong Won}",

note = "Funding Information: We thank Dr. Herbert W. Virgin (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Dr. Kyeong-Ok Chang (Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA) for providing the MNV1.CW1 strain and the HG23 cell line, respectively. We also thank Dr. Sung Jae Shin (Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea) for helpful discussions. This work was supported by a grant from the Korea Technology and Information Promotion Agency ( TIPA ) ( S2666230 ) and in part by the Yonsei University “TechStars” grant ( 2018-11-1586 ), the National Research Foundation of Korea ( NRF ) grant ( NRF 2020M3E9A1041759 ) funded by the Korea Government ( MSIT ), and the Brain Korea 21 (BK21) PLUS program . M.K. was partially supported by the Graduate School of Yonsei University Research Scholarship Grants in 2019. H.C. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the BK21 PLUS program. Funding Information: We thank Dr. Herbert W. Virgin (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Dr. Kyeong-Ok Chang (Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA) for providing the MNV1.CW1 strain and the HG23 cell line, respectively. We also thank Dr. Sung Jae Shin (Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea) for helpful discussions. This work was supported by a grant from the Korea Technology and Information Promotion Agency (TIPA) (S2666230) and in part by the Yonsei University ?TechStars? grant (2018-11-1586), the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant (NRF 2020M3E9A1041759) funded by the Korea Government (MSIT), and the Brain Korea 21 (BK21) PLUS program. M.K. was partially supported by the Graduate School of Yonsei University Research Scholarship Grants in 2019. H.C. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the BK21 PLUS program. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020",

year = "2020",

month = dec,

doi = "10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120391",

language = "English",

volume = "263",

journal = "Biomaterials",

issn = "0142-9612",

publisher = "Elsevier BV",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Antiviral efficacy of orally delivered neoagarohexaose, a nonconventional TLR4 agonist, against norovirus infection in mice

AU - Kim, Minwoo

AU - Lee, Ji Eun

AU - Cho, Hee

AU - Jung, Hae Gwang

AU - Lee, Wooseong

AU - Seo, Han Young

AU - Lee, Soung Hoon

AU - Ahn, Dae Gyun

AU - Kim, Seong Jun

AU - Yu, Je Wook

AU - Oh, Jong Won

N1 - Funding Information: We thank Dr. Herbert W. Virgin (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Dr. Kyeong-Ok Chang (Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA) for providing the MNV1.CW1 strain and the HG23 cell line, respectively. We also thank Dr. Sung Jae Shin (Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea) for helpful discussions. This work was supported by a grant from the Korea Technology and Information Promotion Agency ( TIPA ) ( S2666230 ) and in part by the Yonsei University “TechStars” grant ( 2018-11-1586 ), the National Research Foundation of Korea ( NRF ) grant ( NRF 2020M3E9A1041759 ) funded by the Korea Government ( MSIT ), and the Brain Korea 21 (BK21) PLUS program . M.K. was partially supported by the Graduate School of Yonsei University Research Scholarship Grants in 2019. H.C. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the BK21 PLUS program. Funding Information: We thank Dr. Herbert W. Virgin (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Dr. Kyeong-Ok Chang (Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA) for providing the MNV1.CW1 strain and the HG23 cell line, respectively. We also thank Dr. Sung Jae Shin (Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea) for helpful discussions. This work was supported by a grant from the Korea Technology and Information Promotion Agency (TIPA) (S2666230) and in part by the Yonsei University ?TechStars? grant (2018-11-1586), the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant (NRF 2020M3E9A1041759) funded by the Korea Government (MSIT), and the Brain Korea 21 (BK21) PLUS program. M.K. was partially supported by the Graduate School of Yonsei University Research Scholarship Grants in 2019. H.C. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the BK21 PLUS program. Publisher Copyright: © 2020

PY - 2020/12

Y1 - 2020/12

N2 - The neoagarohexaose (NA6) is an oligosaccharide that is derived from agarose, the major component of red algae cell walls, by enzymatic hydrolysis. Here we show that NA6 is a noncanonical Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist with antiviral activity against norovirus. Its TLR4 activation was dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), leading to interferon-β (IFN-β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production. This effect was abolished by TLR4 knockdown or knockout in murine macrophages. NA6 inhibited murine norovirus (MNV) replication with an EC50 of 1.5 μM in RAW264.7 cells. It also lowered viral RNA titer in a human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7-derived cell line harboring a human norovirus subgenomic replicon. The antiviral activity of NA6 was mainly attributed to IFN-β produced through the TLR4-TRIF signaling pathway. NA6-induced TNF-α, which had little effect on norovirus replication per se, primed macrophages to mount greater antiviral innate immune responses when IFN signaling was activated. NA6 boosted the induction of IFN-β in MNV-infected RAW264.7 cells and upregulated IFN-regulatory factor-1, an IFN-stimulated gene. NA6 induced IFN-β expression in the distal ileum with Peyer's patches and oral administration of NA6 reduced MNV loads through activation of TLR4 signaling, highlighting its potential contribution to protective antiviral innate immunity against norovirus.

AB - The neoagarohexaose (NA6) is an oligosaccharide that is derived from agarose, the major component of red algae cell walls, by enzymatic hydrolysis. Here we show that NA6 is a noncanonical Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist with antiviral activity against norovirus. Its TLR4 activation was dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), leading to interferon-β (IFN-β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production. This effect was abolished by TLR4 knockdown or knockout in murine macrophages. NA6 inhibited murine norovirus (MNV) replication with an EC50 of 1.5 μM in RAW264.7 cells. It also lowered viral RNA titer in a human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7-derived cell line harboring a human norovirus subgenomic replicon. The antiviral activity of NA6 was mainly attributed to IFN-β produced through the TLR4-TRIF signaling pathway. NA6-induced TNF-α, which had little effect on norovirus replication per se, primed macrophages to mount greater antiviral innate immune responses when IFN signaling was activated. NA6 boosted the induction of IFN-β in MNV-infected RAW264.7 cells and upregulated IFN-regulatory factor-1, an IFN-stimulated gene. NA6 induced IFN-β expression in the distal ileum with Peyer's patches and oral administration of NA6 reduced MNV loads through activation of TLR4 signaling, highlighting its potential contribution to protective antiviral innate immunity against norovirus.

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Antiviral efficacy of orally delivered neoagarohexaose, a nonconventional TLR4 agonist, against norovirus infection in mice

Abstract

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