Adapting “Color Blindness” to South Korean Attitudes Toward Multicultural Minorities: Scale Development

Four studies were conducted to develop and validate the South Korean Attitudes Toward Multicultural Minorities Scale (SKAMMS). Exploratory factor analysis (n = 336) identified three factors: Unawareness of South Korean Privilege and Discrimination against Multicultural Minorities, Attitudes Against Multiculturalism, and Attitudes Against Advocacy and Policy for Multicultural Minorities. Confirmatory factor analysis (n = 537) provided cross-validation of the 16-item, three-factor model and identified that a three-factor bifactor model best fit the data. Correlational analyses provided evidence of the discriminant and convergent validities of the SKAMMS. Evidence of incremental validity of the SKAMMS was obtained (n = 165), where the SKAMMS accounted for additional variance in criterion variables (i.e., cognitive, affective, and behavioral reactions toward racism) above other measures of attitudes toward multicultural minorities. The estimated 2-week test-retest reliabilities (n = 53) ranged from.67 to.82. We discuss implications for the use of the SKAMMS for practice, advocacy, education/training, and research.